Making Services Work for Poor People -The Role of Participatory Public Expenditure Management (PPEM)

The public sector of most developing countries is often the target of numerous criticisms lack of or no infrastructure, absenteeism of service providers like teachers and doctors, poor quality of services, corruption, non-transparency, favoritism, discrimination, etc. While several of these criticisms are usually attributed to lack of resources and the conflict between the needs of equity and those of efficiency, research has shown in general that the correlation between increased public expenditure and actual outcomes or improvements in service delivery is weak.